METRO CITY

Today in various part of  World there is tremendous progress for human race to get comfort  . In  India  for comfort , two words like Metro City and Smart City are very popular . These words are related to distance , learning , environment , money etc. Today all multinational companies and their staffs are working day and night for economical growth which is an important factor for companies as well as for their staffs to fulfill their needs . So first one must understand  these  two words .

METRO  CITY ---

The development of an old city for people to achieve more results in minimum time without disturbing any person or without disturbing any activities . Which is generally co-related with his movement for which first point is speed by which , there is saving of time which can be used for other works . This will also help to change the thinking capacity of man . This can be achieve by providing  different mode of movement by air or by means of tunnels by which there is no disturbance in there actives . So metro city is a type of city where vehicles are moving on its optimum speed on a path which is free from every type of obstructions . Here is two way of movement with speed limits . In this operation air movement by aero planes has been watched from last several decays and man find various  problems including natural elements so one can think to use tunnel  or water way . This is very costly and not at all economical , so India  selected elevated metro path of movement , after considering  various factors . This is giving quite good results to reduce the travelling time by which there is developments in near by areas also. This is also helping to provide residential accommodations . Here there are all type services and amenities are also provided  but one day water security will be major problem for which India is taking up the project to connect different rivers among them self to save natural water or run off of rain water to make its treatment economical  . This all is for man and his comforts . There is development for high speed , mono-rails  etc. In between columns – car parking or nurseries can be developed by employment  can be given to thousands of people .If metro- rails are construed on two sides parallel two columns than one can think two or three tiers system of metro rails which will be boon for India . Though it will be costlier in present time but if one see for tomorrow than will find it is a economical one .

The METRO CITY must has an impact on near by areas  which also must developed as a satellite areas of smart city and to encourage to others to live in a better way with a healthy environment  for themselves and for other which will be boon for future generation . Here all the people must be smart for all actions and reactions even in their day today life .
“ METRO is the most economical and finest mode of transportation in air or underground without disturbing various functions on ground .

Smart City Part 1

SMART    CITY -----

A city , always or every year has  developments which is a continues process and one can not ignore this investment  because this is the hard earned money of people and here is envolment of money and time too therefore an old area has to be for modeling or remodeling operations to make it more useful for people. City is smart when it acts as a catalyses for near by areas and for other cities . A small city can sustain the migration of people for few hours only to get man powder for their works but not for a longer period because it will effect the services and amenities. This again need a rapid mode of transportation system and there must be always provision of availability of other services and amenities . A smart city is smart when all round areas i.e. adjacent  villages have its impact for improvement of people . Every where there must security i.e. law and order must be perfect and people must have the confident on respective authorities  for example in South  India– a house wife can walk on roads with ornaments  in night without any fear .

Development of a smart city can be clear by an example to make  Allahabad city into a smart city where following operations must be studied .

1.       Geological  and  Geographical conditions -  It has a remarkable topography and natural elements which are true on vasstu shastra  and flow of Ganga , Yamuna and Saraswati and their meeting point making it a religious and spiritual city and providing satisfaction to people .

2.       Nature of town – It is a auspicious and point of attraction for educational , political and justice fields . As per Indian Philosophy and religious important of these three rivers make every people more or less a God fearing by which he is also doing justice .In due course of time there will be more land for residences for increase in  population . At the same time of developing it as a smart city these qualities should not be over look .

3.       Study of near by areas – Since three sides of Allahabad , there are three major areas known as Phaphamu  , Jhunsi  and Nani . At the same these three areas are well connected by means of bridges . Now these three are the part of Allahabad but need a better connectivity for fast mode of transportation to enjoy mutually .

4.       The proper Allahabad area need modeling and remodeling with various services and amenities for people for better life and comforts . If there is provision of fast transportation and services along with amenities than people  will live in their own areas and will come in old areas occasionally  or on special occasions  or to learn various facilities to copy for their areas .

5.       In old part there are many  unauthorized encroachments which must be removed with iron hands to make it as a smart city and beautification of area can be done .

6.       The nature and kind of traffic along with  movement  of people i.e crowed  . According to this traffic can be restricted and than goods can be transport by man powder or only two wheelers  are allowed and there must be the provision of parking which may be horizontal or vertical .

7.       There must be local market based on population to full fill the needs of people , where all day today things must be available with the provision of future needs .  This must be related with mode of transportation .

8.       There must be sufficient infrastructure like bridges , flyovers , units of supply and collections with fast transportation systems .

9.       The most important  one is enforcement of law and orders so that every people has truss on local administration with confidence .

10.   Any person who is not governing with law and orders must be tackle with iron hand in terms of fine or treated as culprit . This will effect to others also .

11.   All constructional actives must be as per bye-laws and even local authorized persons must be punished even after retirement . This will impact on working people who are working today because these people are the cause of un-law-full  works .

12.   On every step one must be careful for landscape to save the city from pollution and maintain it for future generation .

13.   The development must be sustainable even for future generation .   

14.   Time to time there must be teaching programs to make people aware of importance of smart city , other elements and their own smartness .

15.   A smart city must has different colonies of population 4 to 5 lacks and must has a small or bigger open space as a park , where there must be the active and passive spaces for people of every age group and their must  be a gardener as caretaker . It can be developed as sustainable by providing some space almost 10% area of park  for plant nurseries which must be used to grow small plants for marketing by which children will learn to love with plants and will also learn the important of environment . Adjacent to this there may be some land for paid  parking for 10 to 15 cars and it will be his responsibility to maintain it and must take care about the welfare of people . By this he will able to earn his livelihood in terms of salary .

16.   Near by each colony must have minimum 5 trees of Pipal , Neem , Amla , Mango and Molsari  or Gulmohar . The care of these trees will be the responsibly of gardener . This will also help to provide a healthy environment to the people . He will also responsible to maintain the landscape of near by areas to make environment better .

17.   This gardener will act as watch man of this area and local authority must give priority of their actions to keep law and order in perfect way . Local  authority will get informer for local problems .

18.   At the same time he must be provided an one room accommodation  to live with his family.

19.   Even a small area can be taken up for kitchen garden for vegetables for the use of people .

20.   In the case of widening the roads for fast movement the adjutant  area must be treated with great care with respect to utility .

21.   Now a days India is taking a great care for road transportation including landscape which is the right way to keep environment perfect .

22.   One must adopt traditional architecture which must reflect technical , economical and social contemporary life of man with proper environment for people .

23.   As for as possible the orientation of building must be incorporated in all buildings to take maximum advantages of natural elements .

24.   As for as possible pyramidal form of building must be there because “ the key to the pyramid  lies in microwaves . The microwaves are a form of electromagnetic radiation of every short  wavelength . The pyramid shape is an efficient resonation of microwave signal “ . In side pyramid one will get required environment  for sitting for meditation ( to worship God ) , to sleep and for concentration of mind . A sick person inside pyramid get recovery very fast and even man must get healthy plants which grow very fast . Evan one can watch Indian temples which have Shikra where Statue of God is place on ground and here even the milk products are save for several days . For example Ghevkin like  Tangible  and Framed glass wrapper in Swiss Rebuilding London  for people for their various functions .

25.   One must  be vary careful while doing remodeling of a town it must be more livable city of future where residents can live , work , learn and play in harmony with nature .

26.   If one can not adopt treatment plant for sewer treatment than select oxidation pond because sewage is the organic substance and there will be all three type of reactions like aerobic , anaerobic and facultative in pond will take place and there will be fast reaction to convert organic substance into manure .Here problem of excess of water can be solved by means of growing  eucalyptus trees because one plant can consume 600 liters of water per day .

27.   There must be proper Orientation of buildings so that there may be proper insulation of solar energy panels .

28.   Today smart city means there is provision all short of demands for a comfortable life and each one of us knows that city is sustainable to get  solutions which are on the part of local authorizes or government . 

SMART CITY

Our Prime Minister Mr Narendra  Modi has given a call of  “ Smart City “

which is quite popular not only among the people of India but in other parts of the world . Till so for India has already did lot of base work and hope that there will be more concrete work for the people. In September 2014 there was a conference and Expo for ‘ Smart City Living “ in Dubai where  concept of new technologies where displayed and open discussions were promoted to improve the old cities of various countries to mould it to sustain future developments for the man kind . Again there is one question that what this technology is suitable for a poor country like India . where first we have to arrange  food and drinking water . Though for these two we are making efforts from last more than 30  years but our planners had not carried out for public . There were no effective vision but again from 2014 when a new leader has taken up and given call for smart city – it is started flourishing and day by day the thoughts of people and in the moulding process .

Smart City does not mean only application of hi-tech but engaging people and responding them for their needs . There must be proper inter connecting communication system or by transportation system and there must be optimum use of our resources for food , house for living and mode of transportation for which water is also very importation . So first efforts must be such which are responding to people for their needs and at the same time giving knowledge that how our resources can be useful to full fill our needs . In 1983-84 on the call of “ World Bank “ for Primary School  Buildings I used organic planning , maximum use of local  materials and transportation of different materials from 50 km distance only and after investing minimum money and where there was great except ability for development in future .

The technology applied to achieve qualities of smart city must have following factors –

1.     The technology must be embracing .

2.     It must provide mental and physical comforts to the people of city as well as people from out side coming to  the city so that they must have tendency to visit the city and try to migrate that system to reform their own city or near by areas 

3.     It must provide convenience to all .

4.     It must provide comfort at least up to tolerable limits to all age group of people and even to kids who are successor in future .

5.     All developments must have sustainability in future at least for fifty years .

6.     It must provide sense of security to people of society for every walk of life i.e. law and order must be perfect and at the same time it also must give  fear to culprits and must propagate him to be a good man .

7.     The development must to get neat and clean  places which must provide hygienic environment for a better health .

8.     It must contain a comfortable ,  time reducing and economical mode of transportation for people ..

9.     It must provide proper and healthy links with near by areas and villages to  provide people to have a comfortable  and enjoy full visit .

10.                        Each one of us use proper use of environmental resources for our better health .

11.                        Each one of us must be care full  fo green buildings or green environment all round to us to develop our and others health

12.                        Day by day each one of us must develop the economy for our self and for others i.e. “ Live and let others to live “ .

13.                        We must select best process for recycling to save some thing for future  generation  too .

14.                        There must be a proper education system for people to create high rate of literacy among the people .    

15.                        There must be positive attitude for crops of cereals and vegetable weather it is within the city or out side the city because these are the main wealth of the country .

16.                        There must be proper studies of geological and geographical conditions of the city .

17.                        There must be proper studies of effects of natural elements on environment .     

18.                        There must be proper environment for fundamental and higher studies so that back bone f the country must strong enough .

19.                        Proper studies of satellite towns of the city and method of communications among them.

20.                        Proper studies of facilities are there and how further facilities can be provided  for others and even for future .

Case  Study  Of   ALLAHABAD --- this study has been made on the following points .—

1.     In general Allahabad has almost a square form in shape which is surrounded with water on three sides with rivers like – Ganga, Yamuna and Sarsuti  , and which is a healthy significance for prosperity of the city.

2.     It has three major satellite towns which are on periphery having a permanent water belt Ganga or Yamuna  in between . 

Three major satellite towns are – Nani  , Jushi , and  Phaphamu

Since  these towns have lot of short comings therefore neither they  grow to have their identity nor have any major impacted on Allahabad . If these three satellite towns developed in a proper way than will has impact  on Allahabad as a smart city .

3.     These are connected with Allahabad with bridges but today these bridges can not full fill the basic needs of people at least transportations.   

4.     Further it needs more and more bridges of larger capacity like Howrah Bridge  at Calcutta or Nani Bridge at Allahabad , even which can full fill the needs of people in future too .

5.     These towns must have proper educational centres with healthy environment , proper medical centres so that only 20% cases may be refer to Allahabad units .

6.     There must be proper competitive markets where people may get things of their need on the cheaper rates than Allahabad with full securities so that a house wife is free from the security tension . This will help her to devote more time for other works .

7.     As for as possible people must be involved in creative works in evening or in night so that new generation must understand its reparations on people and society .

8.     There must be enough opportunities  of jobs for people so that they should not run to a bigger town .

9.     There must be at least 1 to 2 acres of land for a 4000 to5000 people as a open or play area or recreational area to keep them fit for their works .

10.                        When these towns are developed than there is need of fast mode of transportations  for which there must be the provision in future .

11.                        After studies on these points on has to think to develop Allahabad a smart  city where all the services must be clear for people for which there may be minimum charges but for amenities there may be charges as per investments .

12.                        The old or existing roads must be studies and than find out it required width and nature of speed so that man may take minimum time to reach from one point to other point .

13.                         The mode of operation of private weachiles  must be decided before hand and their roots must be fixed at the peak hours because during the peak hours only public transport system  will be allowed .

14.                        There must be compulsory for each manufacturing or house unit or for sweepers to collect the waste for recycling by which there may be some useful  end product .

15.                        Once if roads are laid down completely than further any operation is not allowed or if is urgent than there is heavy charges so that in future no body will try for it .

16.                         It is the high time when we must pay attention on horboriculture  which can provide  shades to people who are moving  on it without  investing any money further .This will be the natural process which will also help the natural recycling process .

17.                        What today our treatment process are working for its ultimate value , if not than first find out its problems than think of its remodelling .

18.                        Another measure problem today in city is about various movements of animals . This can be solved by demarking it separate area on the outskirts of the city or within the villages which must be supervised with the strict law and orders and than after proper preservation it can be supplied to the city areas .

19.                        Another very important issue is the transportation of children to school for their studies which must be carried out only by the institutions for which the institutions will be responsible only . If organizations are not ready  than they should not allowed to a institution . At the same time first every institution must have complete or all type of infrastructures than only allowed to run it .

20.                         There must be a teacher bank where they can in role themselves two to three years only where they can get some incentives ,  but where ever there is vacancies they have to go or time to time they must attend the redresser coerces.  For these teachers there must be continuing study programs  which they must attend with the binding to serve the institution at least for five years .

21.                        To make a city smart must be a continues process based on scientific developments . When new ideas and themes will applied than a teacher will also have the interest in teaching by heart .

22.                        Every field which is required for day today life need a care full watching and than application is must .    

23.                        On one side of road there must be a nursery having 30% to 40% flower plants and rest 60% to 70% plants of beautiful foliage of leaves which  also can be purchased by people or by children to develop environment at home . On the other side parking area can be developed with proper circulation and than merging with main road . This will help to develop to make city as Green City too .

24.                        Man must have the patience and time to see its future because it will take  good time in developing within extreme forms .

25.                        For a smart city – each one of us must work for others with our core of heart .This must be in general because each one of us is responsible to maintain our city neat and clean and must follow a certain order of discipline . For example once two friends were moving on the street of London and one of them took out his cigarette packet and took out last cigarette and burn with match box .  He thrown empty packet and burn stick on the street . On the back of these two friends one lady was coming who saw it . She picked up empty cigarette box and half burn stick and hardly reached to them . First she shown these two waste things to them and asked them this is your’s . They said no and these are not mine . She immediately said but London do not required people like you and she went to dustbin and drop these two waste things in that . That lady has given them a lesion by core of her heart  “ not to repeat it in future “ .

26.                        Each one of us must use the recycling process for waste materials and must use even its end products as a use full one .  For example anaerobic biodegradation of organic maters which will be the source of energy as well as end product as a fertilizer for agriculture . This will make national saving  of energy .

27.                        There must be as much as possible use of Renewal Sources of Energy by man in their lives to make it more friendly for man .

28.                        In the case of smart city one should not disturb the nature and than only they can use natural effects .

29.Today one can watch that there are several incidents of building collapsing due to poor strength of structure , use of sub-standard building materials and use of ineffective construction technology because today client is interested to make tremendous reduction in cast of construction and this can be done by only unqualified persons who is only interested to please the client only . This collapsing of various buildings is giving a thought of importance of an architect for project . Council of Architecture is also emphasizing to the professional architects to provide all possible work must be taken up by the well qualified and responsible person and who must be questionable in future . I well remember about a English movie “ Tower Infenaro “ where there was a wrong selection of electric wire for such an important high rise building due to owner who was infulance of an unquajified person and whole building was in fire and in the last it was also saved by responsible architect . Another example is of Sir Cattlay who was the principle of “ Thomson Engineering College “ , Roorkee  who was responsible to contract a canal and must pass through Roorkee from Ganga  river . He was failure for two times than in the last he went to England and dispose off his all properties and came back and constructed again and at the time of trail he was moving on his favourite horse so that if he is failed than he and his horse will also die , but he got success and later he got the title of  “ Sir “ .

SUSTAINABLE ARCHITECTURE

Today  sustainable  in  architecture depends on various aspects of architecture which is a building or a town .When various building activities combined together, which gives the net result in terms of pleasure and comforts to man .All analysis made by an architect is to achieve optimum pleasure and comfort  for a longer period for man and in future any changes or modifications which are necessary and important , without losing its charm , it is known as sustainability of structure or it can be termed as sustainable architecture . This part of sustainability can be achieved with the combination of following factors –

1.       Materials of building

2.       Constructional activities

3.       Different services required

4.       Use of landscape

5.       Planning of functional areas                                                                                                                                                                                                       

Materials  of  Buildings – The basic building materials are natural one and man knows all properties and their ultimate capacity of uses , life , durability and sustainability . So what it is end for us  - no . Today there is need to develop new materials from old one and old one to develop various new properties as per needs and at the same time there should be minimum possible natural – actions and reactions and its effects on human comforts . By product of old natural materials must help such properties which must have required properties as per man and environmental requirement to increase life of building , reduce the maintenance cast and provide full joy and comfort to man kind . For example in old time roof terracing used to do with canker-lime which had a long life but today there is no canker-lime so roof finishing is done with cement mortar –base materials and top surface is finished with polymer base materials .This polymer base materials have other qualities also i.e. reflection of sun heat and provide coolness to roof. So this polymer base material must have easy operations , maximum life and eco-friendly to man and environment . Anodizing is another example which is to be good for steel member used in day today life like furniture , window .grills , etc . IN the same way the example of lime-mortar which was used to construct a wall which is the assemble of bricks etc than plastering on both surfaces .Later on this lime mortar has been modified with organic – lime mortar than cement mortar and then providing plaster . Further to make it more graceful first putty applied to get more even surface to finish with paints or plastic paints . All these operations are done for life and appearance of building .Every time man wants a new material which must have long life , better appearance , minimum impact of different sources of environmental effects .For example- Stone work has been replaced by brick work , lime mortar replaced by cement mortar , lime plaster replaced by cement plaster, ordinary cement plaster replaced by fine cement plaster and smooth plaster has been modified by lime or cement putty and further it has been finished with cement oriented paints or plastic paints and further this plaster has been concealed  by wall paper or wall lining of wood or by products of wood or tiles etc. This is to achieve sustainability in architecture . Similarly in the case of roof construction . Construction of roof with the help of stone beams and slabs was improved with wooden beams and stone slabs and stone slabs further improved with steel beams and stone slabs and further had been improved with steel beams and stone slabs which further modified with reinforced brick slabs and reinforced cement concrete slabs and still further man tries to improve with plastic materials  which is also the of sustainability in architecture .

Constructional  activities -  Man has made lot of improvements to achieve  more  and more sustainability in structure with the help of constructional technology for joy and comforts . Here important one is strength of materials and required strength with respect to to bearing capacity of soil and natural impacts . On the basics of requirements of man for better livening and achieving  an economical results .The technology will give best results when man will get accurate and best materials to support the new developed technology and will get sustainable buildings .

Services – Required services for supply and drainage must be perfect for universal requirements based on day today needs. All sources of different services must be proper sealed and there should not be any leakage because leakage of water will cause of  decay of building materials due to reactions .There should not be any leakage ; is the base of technology . Another example – leakage of electricity will damage the materials as well as human life . Here one must consider all possible future loads to make it sustainable .At the same time there must be flexibility to modify the system to full fill the requirements to provided the space to make system sustainable .

Use of landscape – Landscape is a beautiful supplemented as purifier of environment which is most important for man . All elements of landscape are supplements for man to provide best health . For example – All plants use to discharge oxygen which is useful  for man and man use to produce carbon  dioxide which is useful for plants . Eerily sun rays consists of ultra-violet rays which is as antibiotic  for human being . Sun rays are must for plants to prepare food materials for plants and gives heat to man to complete various activities .Sun rays also help water to evaporate to form clouds for rains . The landscape use to create external as wall as internal environment of building for man and his day today life works . Man also use the elements of landscape  for his creations .

Planning - - A planner must consider all possible parameters at the time of planning a building as well as town ship or for man to make more sustainable even in future .Before planning a planner must consider the circulation and inter circulation to achieve maximum comforts of movement ,love with environment and selection of forms for composition . At the time selection of forms for various functions which must govern with the theory of “  Form follows the functions “ By  these forms man will achieve optimum joy and comforts and at the same time a planner will get great  success to bring out economy . These forms will also govern with sustainability in future .

We are living in India so one has to work accordingly . The country must govern with its population and  surplus fineness . Today in India people are using  Green- architecture or sustainable – architecture etc on a large scale to show their capability and work-man ship . In India population is more than hundred-million population and there must be more than ten-million buildings out of which hardily  more than three hundred building may be green building and sustainable buildings . So what it is our achievement? NO not at all. If there is enough land than one can think planning based on Organic Growth.

If one think about Indian Villages than these are may be the example  of sustainable-architecture and green-architecture . Here people are living with nature and their needs are limited  and almost ninety percent constructions are of temporary in nature therefore these constructions can be demolish and a new construction as per needs can be planned or can be extended without major changes in a economical way . This is really an example of sustainable architecture .  Another example is Chandigrah  which is even today , is the best example in World but even today India don’t required such town today due to economical position with respect to other basic primary needs . Even today there is a big question that what today we need Sky-scrapers in general . No body made any study about the philology and impacts of surroundings on people who are living in those sky-scrapers. In other words it is not at all sustainable.

All forms must be very clear and must speak about its functions and the future for possibilities of other possible functions . All forms must also speak about all possible layout of various furniture’s  at the same time layout must be such where there must be comfortable circulation without any obstruction . Here if orientation is proper than there will be proper air circulation to get required oxygen for man  than only it will call as a sustainable unit . A planner must take care that there must be minimum air changes per hour for a soothing environment . If external environment is fine than large size windows with transparency may be there so that flow of space will be there .

Use of proper landscape is a fine art by which man has better feeling of joy and comforts . It is fact that today one can not get a large are for gardening but up to some extend one can create by means of flower pots which can be arrange with aesthetic since . Once there was shorted of grains in country than the than Prime Minister Late Lal Bhadur Shastri had given a call to grow grains on roofs and it was a very successful call .

While planning and selection of materials the planner must be very careful so that it should not create any problem in future and one can say proudly “ It is the sustainable architecture which marry with Green Architecture “ .

One can recall his memory for a English move “ Tower IN Fennorow “ .It was related to the wrong selection of electrical wire and other electrical gadgets  . In this way what this beautiful  ,elegant  and land mark building can be term as sustainable building . All most all forts of Hindu  and  Muslim  periods will term as sustainable forts as well as example of green – architecture .  Indian old system of house planning where there was either one central courtyard or there where two or more than two courtyards – or really example of sustainable buildings because these houses were capable to sustain any required over loading and at the same time there were various useful plants and animals .  Even today in India every building has some open land in front and in back – thou it is as bye-laws but this is the example of green-architecture as well as sustainable building .  It is also true and said that if some one has some part of as open than it must be developed as a flower garden or a kitchen garden to achieve economy as well as it will give mental pleasure .

Another example of services  - if these services are in perfect and in proper working conditions than man has no problem and even man can mold it an useful for his day today life . For example – if there is a septic – tank for night soil treatment than its digested effluent can be used for irrigation of kitchen garden . This effluent is helping in irrigation as well as manure supplier and helping to store the water in ground through the ground filtration  which will be useful for man in future . This I  applied one of my project at Lucknow and in summer only this compound had the green grass .  It was a perfect example of green-architecture and  sustainable-architecture .

If a planner has a farsightedness than it is his capability how to use different element which must be useful for man as well as each element must be supplement to each other .

Good planning can give best and economical results as well as elegance , attractive and as a focal point or land mark of area to provide full joy and comforts to man .         

Steps in Planning of building

P L A N N I N G

Planning word is an important word in the life of every human-being for his every walk of life . Planning is the significance and related to various operations or mode of operations to complete the work in a systematic way in minimum time with comfortable conditions for man and his mental and physical comforts . It may be planning to get ready before departing to office . It may be – planning to study throughout the months to appear in examination . In the same way it may be the planning of a building , or a town where man lives and performs his various functions . A building is not only for man but for his family members , his relatives and visitors who are visiting there . Before going to the depth of subject one must study the composition . A composition is the assembly of various forms having one dimension or two dimensions or composition of dimension less form but it has always full significance and full meaning . For example – when a sentence which expresses complete meaning it is close by a point and this point is dimensionless  but back ground and contrast are very important and to its existence and importance for sentence . This point acts as a point of attraction or focal point for people . Similarly it is used in the field of composition as well as in architecture where size may be large and its dimension can be measured . This can be molded as the point of attraction or focal point . For this focal various materials , colour and texture can be used to make it more attractive for man to get mental  comfort . When such points are combined together they will create formal or informal lines which express only one dimension i.e. length . These lines help a man to express his various thoughts . Each line is important because it convey some meaning .For example a composition of small and large line which express the sense of right similarly cross of two lines express the sense of wrong and haphazard lines express confusion . The mental state of unconscious man can be read by means of lines which are drawn by his fingers .

A composition has only two dimensions which can be drawn on horizontal plain or on vertical plain . In architectural planning first part is plan which is the composition of various forms which is the composition of various forms which have two dimensions only i.e. length and width . If some one is good in making composition by using various forms which must give the sense of mental and physical comfort to man for performing various functions will term as a good planning . This composition on horizontal plain is termed as PLAN . It is expressing the area of various forms to perform various functions and here one must observe circulation  and inter-circulation which will make , performance of function in a comfortable conditions . Now it must be correlated with third dimension i.e. height for sense of volume in terms of volume of air . This volume of air is very important with respect to number of ayr changes per hour and nature of light to create comfortable conditions to perform various functions . When this composition is drawn on vertical plain is termed as ELEVATION  of the composition which is drawn on horizontal plain .These two compositions will give the complete sense of volume to perform a function in a comfortable conditions . This is termed as planning of building where one must care about each form that it must follow “ The form follows the function “ . This will help to improve the planning aspect of the required problem . For example – Plana building of single bed room for an officer having salary Rs.80000.00 per month with utility of roof terrace “ .

One must solve it step by step as follow to get a better results to perform the functions in a comfortable conditions .

1-Step- Make the through study of climatic conditions . Here let us assume average climatic conditions .

2-Step- Study the counters of land . Here assume land is plain .

3-Step- Study the road patterns near by the plot . Here  assume that there are proper road pattern and proper system of drainage through open drains as well as close drains

4-step- Is there a proper lay out of horticulture .

5-Step- Write down various requirements .

A-     Bedroom with proper arrangements to store dresses and other important things . There must be a study table and relaxing chair .

B-      One toilet with all possible arrangements for various functions including changing area .

C-      Box room or a small store.

D-     Kitchen which must be handled by servant , so must have separate entry .

E-      Drawing com dinning area .

F-      Entrance point from gate / road .

G-     Some open area out side the building for landscape .

H-     Staircase to go to roof .

6-Step- Draw the circulation diagram . It will help to understand the relative importance of functional utility of different functional areas . Circulation diagram is as follow -

         

7-Step- Decide the area of different functional areas .As-

A.      Staircase 10sq.m. to 12sq.m.

B.      Box room 6sq.m. to 7sq.m.

C.      Toilet 5sq.m. to 6sq.m.

D.      Bed room 25sq.m. 27sq.m.

E.       Kitchen 5sq.m. to 7sq.m.

F.       Dinning area 6sq.m. to 7sq.m.

G.     Drawing area 30sq.m.

H.      Entrance lobby 5sq.m. to 7sq.m.

I.        There must be sufficient glass windows to get view from inside to out side

Here dimensions are correlated with actual functional areas and structural areas .

8-Step- Selection of form of various requirements under the concept of “ Form Follows The Functions”. In general  a square form or a rectangular form is quite justified but here drawing can be a part of hexgon and stair -ase block can be oval shape which may help to create some interest by means of contrast .This form will speak its functions . With this spade work now prepare the composition on horizontal plain i.e. PLAN of proposed building . This drawing can be on any scale but generally it is prepared on 1:100 scale .

9- Step- Dream the composition of this horizontal composition  i.e. plan on vertical plain which will be ELEVATION . When composition on vertical plain is under process one must careful to incorporate the amount of air , direct and indirect sun light , number of air changes and view required as per the basic requirement of the function or functions . This will create the external composition for man and his mental and physical comforts . By this one can find out the sizes of windows  required and various external surface areas required to apply colour and texture . This as shown in following figure –

10-Step- Now solve the structure after considering the dead load of building governing with various building materials and live loads depending on the functions and other things . Add all possible loads as natural load like wind load , earthquake effects , ground water lavel , soil conditions etc .

11-Step- Prepare all possible working drawing and prepare write up to explain aims and objects of project and creators thoughts . As much as possible explin all possible drawings to show details during construction .

12-Step- Prepare site plan relative position and relation of out side space with inner space .

13-Step- Further think about modification of the composition by which its appearance can be improved for the comforts of man .

14-Step- Make the proper selection of new and old materials and their colours , patterns and texture . 

CASE STUDY OF PRIMARY SCHOOL

CASE STUDY OF PRIMARY SCHOOL FOR U. P. IN INDIA UNDER THE LOAN SCHEME OF WORLD BANK

Philosophy—To start the work following points were considered for economy and friendly echo to kids , teachers and management –

1. U.P. was divided into three regions based on climatic ,geological , cultural ,economy with respect to local materials , labors , optimum utility and functional aspects-                                   
1. Plain Region  B. Bundal Khand Region  C. Hill Region
2. Use of appropriate area for class room with the norms being not less than 1.00sq.m per student by assuming capacity of standard class room of 40 students .
3. Provision of sufficient windows area and opening to ensure appropriate penetration of natural light and cross ventilation .
4. School floor should be very costly so it may be finish in cement .
5. Evaluation of the cast –effectiveness and climatic suitability of alternative roofing designs, including but not limited to reinforced concrete with  water proofing protection , metal or wood truss roof structure with galvanized iron sheet or asbestos or terracotta tiles , with sufficient over hang to protect the sides of the building .
6. The life span of building .
7. The special need of handicapped children .
8. There must be proper care and attention of structural safety , protection from rain and flood , use of local materials and labors to generate more work and employment for local people .
9. There must be provision of water supply and latrines .
10. There must be provision of further expansion of building for future function of school education .
11. Separate design may be developed for different regions .
12. The international norm for area per student is 1.10sq.m. where as Indian norms 0.90sq.m. but UP Government has decided to have 0.70 sq.m. area when students are sitting on floor and is justified with our present way of living and will help to achieve economy .
13. Ad for as possible there must be proper site selection as per the norms of architecture and with respect to near by conditions . 

AIMS   AND    OBJECTS    OF    PLANNING

One can achieve the best results of planning only by considering and making analysis of all possible points and required operational elements before planning. Before planning if considers the points like selection of materials, constructional methods, forms and effects of various elements of project than there will be the best results. The following points were analyzed before planning –

1. If class rooms are developed – based on ORGANIC   GROTH , around a central     large open area and with the proper landscape than there shall be minimum possible windows on the wall which is facing the central open space because some time it may create disturbance due to presence of other children of different classes . This open space even may has formal space with proper landscape where children may have passive type of functions.

2. These schools should not be allowed any planning and construction on first floor because it shall not be useful for children and one should not be interested to make there over crowed. Therefore as for as possible a sloppy roof be adopted for covering which will give ale gent look, economical in construction and easy

 in maintenance .

3. Each room may have at least one door or maximum there may be two doors of 1.00 x 2.00 m size and 5 to 7 windows of 1.00x 1.50m size to provide natural light , effective sky-factor and better ventilation with proper air changes so that  children must get sufficient comfortable environment .

4. As for as possible in front 1.50m wide platform should be provided so that if children want than they can enjoy sun light in winter or can enjoy their Tiffin or sit and watch other children ‘s games .

5. The roof of class room should be projected to provide part coverage to plate form which will act as sun-shade for windows and doors. This type of coverage will be quite economical and will reduce the cast and maintains cast.

6. Landscape must eco-friendly with children and must give dynamic ness to the children. Landscape means the arrangement of plants materials and natural elements must be efficient, health-full and pleasant use for society or group of people .Therefore there must be a proper landscape for the various projects to get a proper environment. Ornamental trees and shrubs can be selected for their beautiful foliage and flower gives the aesthetic sense of man .In general such planting should fulfill two conditions. Firstly plants themselves must be attractive and second they must be displayed in an orderly manner. Bougainvillea can be used as ever green climbers along with boundary walls. Gul-mohur and Bottle Brush can be used as ornamental tree, Guava and Amla tree are recommended as fruit tree for children. Other seasonal flower plants with Tulsi plants are recommended for children to learn and enjoy.         

7. Area of each space must be governing with functional and number of children’s participation within that space. An international norm of area of a class room is 1.10sq.m. per student but as per our Indian norms the area is 0.7sq.m. per student in both cases these areas are floor areas of class room . Generally it is found that students are sitting on floor in primary schools and it is quite justified because the maintenance of desk and chair is not possible for which simple region is that these primary schools are quite for away from town and are in remote corners of state.10sq.m. per student area is justified and must with table and chair arrangement.

 

In ideal conditions the strength of children in a class room is 30 but in any case the strength should not be more than 40 because one can teacher can control maximum 40 children in a class room with comfort and can pay attention to every child .At the same time there will be proper relation between teacher and taught i.e. better face to face relationship between teacher and children. In this way 40 nos of students are recommended for each class. The floor area of a class room for 40 students comes 28.00sq.m. at the rate of 0.7sq.m.per student .For this area of a squre form was selected and after making the sitting arrangements it is found that 5.60 x 5.00m size of a class room is the best form and black board will be on the wall of 5.60m long. There will be only one door on 5.00m long wall but best would be minimum two doors on opposite corners but one door has been selected to reduce the cast of project .At the same time voids in walls in terms of 7no. Windows are taken with considerations of sky factor for light and air changes. The each window is selected of 1.00x1.50m size with ventilator with in the window. Each window has three ventilators out of which two are going to open upward and one down wards for better and sufficient number of air changes. Here 15 to 20 air changes can be selected because every season has different conditions. In this way total area of windows is 10.50sq.m. 

8. Roof must be such which must be having long life, economical, easy in malignance; it must be sound against seepage and dampness and at the same time in look also. Seepage and dampness also responsible to provide unhealthy environment at least within the classroom. At least cast is an important factor of project. So sloppy roof is recommended and both side sloppy roofs provide a better stability to roof when it is surrounded with a larger open area to sustain air movement. The floor area is divided into two parts along with 5.00 dimensions to make construction easy. Here angle iron truss is recommended so that even it can be fabricated in remote area with the help of semi-skilled and unskilled labor.  Stones are recommended as the prime roof covering material because today it is available every where in UP. This will help to illuminate the shuttering material too because it is not possible to provide shuttering materials on every spot and it shall be otherwise it will be uneconomical. The pralines which are used here are 80x80x6 which is even sufficient for load of Reinforced Brick Slab. After fixing truss and purloins the stone slabs of required width are to be fixed here and various joints shall be filled with 1:1 cement and cow or horse dung than finishing is to be done with 30mmthick ferroconcrete with 3mm thick steel jail. This ferroconcrete will provide better strength and will act against dampness and seepage. In this case Allahabad tiles over ferroconcrete are not recommended but the structural members are quite sufficient and can take load .In another case R.B. slab is recommended in both side sloppy with the help of central beam of ISWA250 along 5.00m dimension. Generally thickness of slab is 11.5 cm .Even on sloppy roof treatment is must against seepage and dampness therefore here Allahabad tiles are recommended to fix over brick surface with 1:6 cement sand mortar. This type of roof surface finish will be protected from dampness and provide better insulation and village look to act in contrast with natural environmental conditions .

The best proposal of roof for plain and Bundel Khand Region is either roof of stone slab with the help of steel truss and purloins having ferroconcrete finish or Reinforced brick slab with the help of central steel beam and having Allahabad tiles finishing on roof. In the case of Hill region the best roof is G.I.Sheet is recommended and G.I.sheet is fixed. Here 20 gauge G.I. sheets is recommended .Roof is projected 70cm on both side which use to protect the widows.      

9. Foundation must be as per geological conditions of site, economical, as per earth quick zone, and durable .Spread footing is recommended because generally there are normal soil conditions. In fact in village land will be given by gram sabha and generally Gram Shabha’s lands are unfertile i.e. lands are hard and have larger load bearing capacity. This is an ordinary system of foundation which can be done by even skilled and unskilled labor.   

10. Floor must be smooth durable,   non-slippery and have a good aesthetic look.

11. Doors and window must be in harmony with the building, durable and according to function.

12. Stability of structure must be govern with earth-quack and natural air speed .During planning the full attention has been paid for stability of structure and long life to protect building for children of God in every even and odd circumstances . Along this the maintenance of different building will be minimum per year if these building s are cared properly .Following some suggestions are for making further economy –

A. If stone slabs of economical size ( may be 60x60 cm. ) are available can be laid or fix on compacted soil with 1:4 lime +sand or lime- flyash and than on this surface sub-structure can be constructed .B. If molasses is available than soil stabilization can be done by adding 20 percent molasses in soil by volume. Further if bamboo is avallable than 5%bambu fibers may also be added in this molasses-soil to get better results. 2. Lime mortar can be used for stone work. 3. If lime is available than 1:1:9 cement +lime +sand mortar can be used for masonry work and the sq.m. Mortar can be used for plaster. 4. Cement plaster on stone work must be avoided and only pointing is allowed.

13. Different planning for different regions must be prepared so that it must be economical and eco friendly

As per climatic conditions.

14. School complex and Block Resource Center must have functional utility.