CASE STUDY OF PRIMARY SCHOOL

CASE STUDY OF PRIMARY SCHOOL FOR U. P. IN INDIA UNDER THE LOAN SCHEME OF WORLD BANK

Philosophy—To start the work following points were considered for economy and friendly echo to kids , teachers and management –

1. U.P. was divided into three regions based on climatic ,geological , cultural ,economy with respect to local materials , labors , optimum utility and functional aspects-                                   
1. Plain Region  B. Bundal Khand Region  C. Hill Region
2. Use of appropriate area for class room with the norms being not less than 1.00sq.m per student by assuming capacity of standard class room of 40 students .
3. Provision of sufficient windows area and opening to ensure appropriate penetration of natural light and cross ventilation .
4. School floor should be very costly so it may be finish in cement .
5. Evaluation of the cast –effectiveness and climatic suitability of alternative roofing designs, including but not limited to reinforced concrete with  water proofing protection , metal or wood truss roof structure with galvanized iron sheet or asbestos or terracotta tiles , with sufficient over hang to protect the sides of the building .
6. The life span of building .
7. The special need of handicapped children .
8. There must be proper care and attention of structural safety , protection from rain and flood , use of local materials and labors to generate more work and employment for local people .
9. There must be provision of water supply and latrines .
10. There must be provision of further expansion of building for future function of school education .
11. Separate design may be developed for different regions .
12. The international norm for area per student is 1.10sq.m. where as Indian norms 0.90sq.m. but UP Government has decided to have 0.70 sq.m. area when students are sitting on floor and is justified with our present way of living and will help to achieve economy .
13. Ad for as possible there must be proper site selection as per the norms of architecture and with respect to near by conditions . 

AIMS   AND    OBJECTS    OF    PLANNING

One can achieve the best results of planning only by considering and making analysis of all possible points and required operational elements before planning. Before planning if considers the points like selection of materials, constructional methods, forms and effects of various elements of project than there will be the best results. The following points were analyzed before planning –

1. If class rooms are developed – based on ORGANIC   GROTH , around a central     large open area and with the proper landscape than there shall be minimum possible windows on the wall which is facing the central open space because some time it may create disturbance due to presence of other children of different classes . This open space even may has formal space with proper landscape where children may have passive type of functions.

2. These schools should not be allowed any planning and construction on first floor because it shall not be useful for children and one should not be interested to make there over crowed. Therefore as for as possible a sloppy roof be adopted for covering which will give ale gent look, economical in construction and easy

 in maintenance .

3. Each room may have at least one door or maximum there may be two doors of 1.00 x 2.00 m size and 5 to 7 windows of 1.00x 1.50m size to provide natural light , effective sky-factor and better ventilation with proper air changes so that  children must get sufficient comfortable environment .

4. As for as possible in front 1.50m wide platform should be provided so that if children want than they can enjoy sun light in winter or can enjoy their Tiffin or sit and watch other children ‘s games .

5. The roof of class room should be projected to provide part coverage to plate form which will act as sun-shade for windows and doors. This type of coverage will be quite economical and will reduce the cast and maintains cast.

6. Landscape must eco-friendly with children and must give dynamic ness to the children. Landscape means the arrangement of plants materials and natural elements must be efficient, health-full and pleasant use for society or group of people .Therefore there must be a proper landscape for the various projects to get a proper environment. Ornamental trees and shrubs can be selected for their beautiful foliage and flower gives the aesthetic sense of man .In general such planting should fulfill two conditions. Firstly plants themselves must be attractive and second they must be displayed in an orderly manner. Bougainvillea can be used as ever green climbers along with boundary walls. Gul-mohur and Bottle Brush can be used as ornamental tree, Guava and Amla tree are recommended as fruit tree for children. Other seasonal flower plants with Tulsi plants are recommended for children to learn and enjoy.         

7. Area of each space must be governing with functional and number of children’s participation within that space. An international norm of area of a class room is 1.10sq.m. per student but as per our Indian norms the area is 0.7sq.m. per student in both cases these areas are floor areas of class room . Generally it is found that students are sitting on floor in primary schools and it is quite justified because the maintenance of desk and chair is not possible for which simple region is that these primary schools are quite for away from town and are in remote corners of state.10sq.m. per student area is justified and must with table and chair arrangement.

 

In ideal conditions the strength of children in a class room is 30 but in any case the strength should not be more than 40 because one can teacher can control maximum 40 children in a class room with comfort and can pay attention to every child .At the same time there will be proper relation between teacher and taught i.e. better face to face relationship between teacher and children. In this way 40 nos of students are recommended for each class. The floor area of a class room for 40 students comes 28.00sq.m. at the rate of 0.7sq.m.per student .For this area of a squre form was selected and after making the sitting arrangements it is found that 5.60 x 5.00m size of a class room is the best form and black board will be on the wall of 5.60m long. There will be only one door on 5.00m long wall but best would be minimum two doors on opposite corners but one door has been selected to reduce the cast of project .At the same time voids in walls in terms of 7no. Windows are taken with considerations of sky factor for light and air changes. The each window is selected of 1.00x1.50m size with ventilator with in the window. Each window has three ventilators out of which two are going to open upward and one down wards for better and sufficient number of air changes. Here 15 to 20 air changes can be selected because every season has different conditions. In this way total area of windows is 10.50sq.m. 

8. Roof must be such which must be having long life, economical, easy in malignance; it must be sound against seepage and dampness and at the same time in look also. Seepage and dampness also responsible to provide unhealthy environment at least within the classroom. At least cast is an important factor of project. So sloppy roof is recommended and both side sloppy roofs provide a better stability to roof when it is surrounded with a larger open area to sustain air movement. The floor area is divided into two parts along with 5.00 dimensions to make construction easy. Here angle iron truss is recommended so that even it can be fabricated in remote area with the help of semi-skilled and unskilled labor.  Stones are recommended as the prime roof covering material because today it is available every where in UP. This will help to illuminate the shuttering material too because it is not possible to provide shuttering materials on every spot and it shall be otherwise it will be uneconomical. The pralines which are used here are 80x80x6 which is even sufficient for load of Reinforced Brick Slab. After fixing truss and purloins the stone slabs of required width are to be fixed here and various joints shall be filled with 1:1 cement and cow or horse dung than finishing is to be done with 30mmthick ferroconcrete with 3mm thick steel jail. This ferroconcrete will provide better strength and will act against dampness and seepage. In this case Allahabad tiles over ferroconcrete are not recommended but the structural members are quite sufficient and can take load .In another case R.B. slab is recommended in both side sloppy with the help of central beam of ISWA250 along 5.00m dimension. Generally thickness of slab is 11.5 cm .Even on sloppy roof treatment is must against seepage and dampness therefore here Allahabad tiles are recommended to fix over brick surface with 1:6 cement sand mortar. This type of roof surface finish will be protected from dampness and provide better insulation and village look to act in contrast with natural environmental conditions .

The best proposal of roof for plain and Bundel Khand Region is either roof of stone slab with the help of steel truss and purloins having ferroconcrete finish or Reinforced brick slab with the help of central steel beam and having Allahabad tiles finishing on roof. In the case of Hill region the best roof is G.I.Sheet is recommended and G.I.sheet is fixed. Here 20 gauge G.I. sheets is recommended .Roof is projected 70cm on both side which use to protect the widows.      

9. Foundation must be as per geological conditions of site, economical, as per earth quick zone, and durable .Spread footing is recommended because generally there are normal soil conditions. In fact in village land will be given by gram sabha and generally Gram Shabha’s lands are unfertile i.e. lands are hard and have larger load bearing capacity. This is an ordinary system of foundation which can be done by even skilled and unskilled labor.   

10. Floor must be smooth durable,   non-slippery and have a good aesthetic look.

11. Doors and window must be in harmony with the building, durable and according to function.

12. Stability of structure must be govern with earth-quack and natural air speed .During planning the full attention has been paid for stability of structure and long life to protect building for children of God in every even and odd circumstances . Along this the maintenance of different building will be minimum per year if these building s are cared properly .Following some suggestions are for making further economy –

A. If stone slabs of economical size ( may be 60x60 cm. ) are available can be laid or fix on compacted soil with 1:4 lime +sand or lime- flyash and than on this surface sub-structure can be constructed .B. If molasses is available than soil stabilization can be done by adding 20 percent molasses in soil by volume. Further if bamboo is avallable than 5%bambu fibers may also be added in this molasses-soil to get better results. 2. Lime mortar can be used for stone work. 3. If lime is available than 1:1:9 cement +lime +sand mortar can be used for masonry work and the sq.m. Mortar can be used for plaster. 4. Cement plaster on stone work must be avoided and only pointing is allowed.

13. Different planning for different regions must be prepared so that it must be economical and eco friendly

As per climatic conditions.

14. School complex and Block Resource Center must have functional utility. 

PLANNING OF PRIMARY SCHOOL

Primary education is always the back bone for the multiple progress of country .After the independence India did lot of work to achieve its goal by means of formal and non-formal education .In between 1970 to 1980 Prof. T. N. Gupta the ex –Director of CBRI-Roorkee and Adviser of Government of India under the Rural and Urban Development Ministry had worked on Pre Cast Primary School Building to reduce its cast and it was a wonderful project to start classes within no time. In my opinion the biggest problem was the transportation to required site protection from damage during transportation because it was in the hands of innocent villagers .Any how near about 1990 Government of India decided for U.P.Government  had made an approach The World Bank for assistance for School Building along with School Complex and Block Resource Center buildings . On 3^rd December 1992 Mr.M. John Middleton and Mr .Eid Dip assigned me this project, after selecting  my base work from various proposals from all over India , to further develop suitable designs for Plains, Bundal Khand and Hill regions . This project had a value of Rs.360 cores.

Planning of a building is a big challenge for an architect because he has to take into account the various parameters and reactions on people and best utilization of space . The planning has to be done by keeping in mind about funds involved and time available for work to complete . A poor state like U.P. where people don’t get even two square meels, can not afford to give proper education to all . But people now realize that without education there will be no progress that without education there will be no progress hence they cut down their budget in various field and took loan from various sources of world like The World Bank to meet educational expenses . In fact education is the most important aspect of today’s society and its future progressive results . Even world famous architect  Le Corbusier designer and planner of Chandigarh , which is based on human anatomy and most modern city of the world has personified education with the right hand of human body in sector no. 14 and  industrial area in sector no. 26 as left hand for the better and progressive results in future .

A designer has to consider local materials and labors as for as possible to achieve economy in planning to get maximum advantages . I worked on project with all above considerations for our budding children of the state who will be the pillars of our country’s  success .

Education is the fundamental right of every child therefore there must be sufficient infrastructure and proper arrangements within approachable distance because it is as important as the clean air and excellent environment for health . Since, population is increasing day by day therefore it is prime duty of country to develop more and more such points of education. This primary education will be always a back bone in future of the country . This will be always the base education for higher education of the man who will be as the pillar of prosperity of the country . Education makes the man perfect and provide strong future , strong security and confidence to every citizen. It also helps to develop mental and physical aspects of man .

IMPORTANCE     OF     PRIMARY     EDUCATION

Environment of educational campus is an important factor as a complement to education so one must provide natural environment at least in India as it was important in our ancient period . As environment in Gurkul System of Education was quite popular –in which the child was away from his home and was studying by living with nature which was providing him better concentration of mind and thoughts. Therefore today at least our educational centers must have a proper geographical conditions and environment must be free from fear and pollution . Thus landscape must be given due importance and nature may prove as the best teacher for children to learn by touching , realizing , seeing and getting a sense of belongingness for developing affections with others. People living in village have their shelters and houses as an element of nature . landscape is developed near by shelter is a biggest friend of man to provide neat and clean environment and use to provide protection from various climatic conditions . So planning should not be as a watertight compartment type but there must be flow of space and planning must be based on ORGANIC   GROWTH   base planning .

The primary education may be divided in two parts i.e. first classroom teaching with the help of books and copies and second part – outside the class room teaching with the help of nature and its objects and elements  . The various multicolor flowers , leaves , plants and trees having forms ,shapes and multi color flowers will act as a silent teacher for our kids and children to learn. They will learn various aspects of life from these elements of landscape by seeing .touching and realizing . There must be sufficient open  a space adjacent to each class room so that the children may get some chance to do some cultivation work which may give them a feeling of belongingness . In other words one can  say  that this type of planning is based on organic growth .The out door activities for learning by means of working , group games or arrangements of various elements in play field is also very important part of planning to create a healthy environment and safety against any  accident.

Generally these schools are running in day time during winter. In morning during summer and in the worst summer i.e. May and June these schools have summer vacations. But even than these schools have summer vacations . But even than college can run in shifts to achieve its maximum efficiency or even in second shift vocational courses can run to develop more confidence and self dependability in young one .

THEME

It is true that a child is the father of man who is responsible for future development of progress and growth of total country. So, for proper growth of such child primary school education will be the foundation for child and country. Therefore the planning of primary –school must govern with its functional as well as aesthetic aspects. At the same time this planning must keep space with vast, rapid changes in teaching techniques. There are few more challenging demands on architectural ingenuity than those made by the special needs of modern schools. Not only in United states but even in India the majority of elementary and secondary schools with million pupils are supported to get education by public funds. Economy conscious school-managements call for building designs which combine maximum functional value and utilization of available space with flexibility and a minimum of outlay. To meet these requirements without sacrifice of aesthetic considerations is the architect’s dilemma. But the challenge is being successfully met and a number of recently constructed school buildings are remarkable for the bold and effective innovations which have being introduced by architect in designing these structures.

A prime need of teaching system is space for expanding, multifarious activities of the modern school. Now days it is must to make use for provision for education ranging from the primary school to junior college including class room teaching, recreational aids as television in class room, laboratories. Auditoriums, i.e. learning by play. Since the public pays for these teaching units and their maintenance therefore they expect same more facilities such as school hall, swimming pool, library may be available for the use of whole community during holidays or after school hours. Today space is very expansive therefore all planning of class room, auditoriums, common halls etc. must be designed for multiple purposes so that different functional spaces may be combined to get a larger area to meet other school activities or public demands. This can be done with some flexible and adjustable partitions or more than one function can be held without disturbance and some time while reading there must be some degree of privacy is must. Some time motion-picture, different lights and shades are also a part of teachings.

Another major considerations for planning of school building are natural and artificial lighting , air flow and ventilation, acoustics and safe guards against adverse weather or natural actions are must be considered . A glass wall or large windows over smaller windows make for improved lighting and help to bring sunshine into the room but glare of direct sun light must be avoided in Indian conditions. Sliding walls or a larger doors or large door may help to get flow of space and partially covered and partially open area for different methods of teachings. Corridors are also an important element for school planning which may hold multifarious activities of children.

The outdoor activities for learning by means of working, group games or arrangements of various elements in play field is also very important part of planning to create a healthy environment and safety against any accident.

The general layout of school campus is as important as the class room. It must govern with topography and if there is any unusual geography feature then must be carefully studied and architect must have the best possible use of space and harmonizing the building with natural landscape. For example a hilly land will influence the pattern and design where landscape will help in total.

Environmental Pollution

As concerns of an environmental pollution are very vast one has to understand for a common man. In broad terms the pollution can be classified in two groups. First Natural Pollution and second man made pollution and both are governing with total environment including land-soil, water and air. In the case of natural pollution which is produced by the action and reaction of nature is 98% recycled by nature and converting into useful end products again for mankind. Here a very simple example is carbon dioxide is produced by man is absorbed by the plants and plant materials and in return gives oxygen which is very important for mankind. Even Sunami in sea can be used as a source of energy or power which can be used by man in future to generate power. Sun produces excessive heat which is used for evaporation of water to produce clouds for rains which is very important for man kind as well as for natural elements. In India, most of the families use to preserve the food materials and can cook their food by means of solar cookers. Sun heat is very important for leaves for their actions and reactions of chlorophyll for plant and also for mankind to work. Even sun heat is useful to accelerate aerobic and anaerobic reactions. A natural rain fall which comes through different layers of environment by absorbing various useful gases for mankind to earth-soil .From earth soil when it percolate by and by it is purified and than finally collected underground  as a reservoir as a purest form of water for mankind . In ground present of water helps to sustain earth-quake and earth magnetic movement up to some extend and mankind withdraws it in emergency. Here in nature aerobic and anaerobic reactions with organic substances are going on which produces and produce manure. Up to some extend earth pressure provides pressure and temperature both which help to increase the rate of bio-mass reactions which is again an useful end product .Present of particulates in nature reduces sun –heat as well as deposition of water vapors on its surface to form clouds for rains which helps to grow various organic substances for mankind in the form of grains for mankind to grow with nature.

Nature is the best friend of mankind which solves the problem of man-produce pollution to recycle and convert it into useful end products for man. But today due to very fast and rapid growth of science and technology man is discharging various pollutants in a large quantity in nature which nature is not able to covert into useful end products. So must also find the various methods to reduce the quantity of pollutant or converting it in different forms which may be easy for nature and at the same time useful for mankind. For example sewer line carrying human excreta has a large dilution i.e. water to flow under the self cleansing property and then mass treatment under aerobic and an aerobic process is very costly and it has to go out through the city. If it treated by oxidation pond then it means various gases and micro-organisms are discharged in environment which has to recycle by nature and if it done under an-aerobic method then more space, money and time required. In my opinion the process of an-aerobic treatment of human excreta through septic tank is better and there may be collection of gases is to be used for energy or for light or for cooking food. Another process which I develop is far better, useful and economical for mankind. Let us dream a cluster of houses having a sizable land which can be used as kitchen garden, have a common large type septic tank and effluent of this septic tank is passed through perforated pipes from one meter below the soil level slope to the total vegetable garden. The affluent water which consist of manure and organic particles will be use for growth of plants and at the same time a part of affluent water will be converted into ground water and gases are used for burning lights or cooking are fire by which if any micro-organisms is present will die out. It will give minimum load to nature. 

Modern Values of Modern Town

Today when one think or dream about a modern city it immediately gives the name of Chandigarh . Its master plan was prepared by Le Carbusier in 1948 for the capital of Punjab for 150000 population with future expansion upto 500,000 population along with the fast development of science and technology and their effects on the city. He made the divisions in the form of sectors to put similar functions together in comfortable conditions. Le Corbuseir already explained that the roads of the city are as arteries to human body to supply blood to keep a man healthy. Therefore, he put V8 type of roads for better and smooth transportation by means of various speeds. But from last 19^th century to 20^th century metropolitan city was popular like Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata and Chennai, but not for road but for facilities and trade environment. Today people expected that the neat and clean roads for various speeds are most important for the progress of and growth of country. So in 21^st century people are moving to metro cities.. Metro is the most economical and finest mode of transportation in air or underground without disturbing various functions on ground .

A metro city or metropolis city is that which provides infrastructural facilities , provides friendly business-environment , education avenues , employment opportunities and all other facilities to live and to make human relations . There must be sufficient sources which can tackle day today problems and various managements and city dwellers must feel comfortable on socio-economic front . There may be boom in constructional activity but not at the cast required open space , but at the same time there must be adequate infrastructure to remove heaps of debris and other civic waste from city to site of treatment or disposal i.e. to outskirts for final disposal for treatment .All roads must have proper traffic signals or at least during peak hours . There must be sufficient and excellent medical facilities , school and schooling facilities so that each one must has confidence of proper growth of his family . There must be sufficient portable water supply , perfect sewerage system and must create a familiar environmental picture for others . There must be effective net work of safe, cheap and comfortable transportation system in minimum time for maximum distance . There must be facilities for academic education ,recreation for every age group and lifestyle to pass time in a comfortable conditions .

When a metro city is developed than there are development of many satellite towns which develops as a parasite relationship with metro city but when metro city can not sustain the load of satellite town than properties of metro city starts decorating and it will start loosing its charm and importance will fail . This is only when the development of satellite towns are in the hands of private developers , therefore unit which is responsible to develop metro city must be careful on site and private developers must delt with iron hand . For example Delhi government took initiative to remove traffic congestion through metro-mode of transportation. The concept of metro is a world class transportation system by which man is transported from one place to another in a comfortable and safe environment of high speed without disturbing to anyone on road. Man who use one hour to move from one point to other point by metro will take more than two hour by road or even more.

Delhi Metro had already linked many sub-urban cities like Noida, Ghaziabad, Faridabad and will link others in future which will force people to live in their own town and at the same time one government must help the other government to have more and more infrastructures so that metro city can be made safe from migration. Any development of infrastructure in a city is directly related to its economy. Some time some states has a better financial position so that they van afford but some one may not afford . For example after the development of Chandigrah once Mr. Nehru said that a poor country like India can not afford the second Chandigrah in India .

  

Economical growth of a state is more and more important for such infrastructure therefore infrastructure must be related to functional requirements,  economical growth and to various natural elements to meet the basic requirements of dwellers . At the same time migration of people must be stop by developing various amenities where transportation is most important by which man can cover distance in the shortest period which is only possible by metro-rail , 6 to 8 lane road where car , bus etc. can run not less than 80 to 100 km. .per hours . speed .

  

The provision of all these type of transportations are the net-work of transportation and are interrelated for which we need a much larger space , infrastructures and money and units for management . Today other important part is the protection of water which is only possible when all rivers are interconnected and stop the flow of water to sea or convert more and more as ground water , otherwise next world war will be for water .

   

In fact New Delhi is the administrative capital of India , Mumbai and Calcutta are commercial cities but by and by Delhi is also as a commercial one because suburban cities of Delhi are day by day becoming more powerful commercial units which have corporate offices are at Delhi . If these suburban cities are remodel with respect to one function than would be for better and the future of country will has better opportunities to next  generation .

  

Another example case study is Dwarka which is a new satellite town of Delhi .The planning of this township is much more based on Chandigrah ‘s road pattern etc . It is an excellent one to provide mental and physical comfort to its dwellers but on the other hand it has a poor maintains of  services and development of slum which gives a poor impacts on dwellers and giving birth to various evils

   

Most of cities in India  don’t have employment opportunities therefore today more than 95 percent educated young youth between 20 to 30 years are out of their town by this there is no comparison of uneducated youth to educated youth . This is creating a new problem of un-law-fullness among the uneducated youth . This will give a poor impact in future on society i.e. society may be un-human  or society may lost human qualities . Today one can observe that all over the world . Today man is not honest to use his knowledge and money to develop his own city / town and country .One day some one will give a new horizon of development for world and world – politicians for mankind .

Green Building

Man took birth in the Lap of Nature, which gives lot of colorful and textureful leaves , flowers and different forms and foliages of plants and other elements to create wonderful environment. Nature is the best friend of man which recycles all organic substances and makes a useful end product for him. Today man is cutting his wonderful and useful assets – FORESTS for his living in a haphazard way. Every man can dance in a forest but only few can dance on stage, it shows that man is a part of nature. Due to this man is using the word “Green – Building” which is very common among architects, engineers but leaders make it as a media to escape from their responsibilities for providing neat and clean and healthy environment and comfortable future for our children.

In old days our ancestors were thinkers and use to project their schemes for next 100 to 500 years in future to control the increase of population, waste disposal and treatment and to protect environment from pollution but from last 50 years no body had projected it even for 50 years after considering the various scientific and technologies developments. But here we can take the examples of town like Chandigrah , Jamshadepur etc which will never face such problems even in next 100 years .

New developments in old cities must be on outskirt or near by on a larger area after visualizing the future which will as a satellite town of the old one. Dwarka is a new example of today but its size is small with respect to future developments. Today Delhi has Metro – a new public mode of transportation, which is in use for whole Delhi even for the inner most areas. It must be incorporated during planning only and only for Delhi metro line will develop very fast .

Even the example of towns of Nile Valley civilization there were better disposal and treatment or recycle of waste were better than today modern disposal and treatment systems . They select the core of town in the form of rectangle form for a limited population and all short of basic requirements and waste disposal for treatment to get final end products which are useful for man .  A green building must has sufficient open space or area all round so that a good and healthy landscape or greenery may be provided to develop a comfortable environment . As per local by-law such spaces are must for approval of a house construction . If we plan to plant the tree on west side which will protect the building from direct sun heat and at the same time blow of hot air will covert in to cold air . This green objects will also help to evaporation of water for rains .Today green building is mostly a symbolic representation for urban building because area of town or city is fixed but population is increasing day by day . The increase of population is due to growth in population  or due to migration of people from one place to other place . When there is increase of population in urban areas i.e. increase in population per unit area . This is most effective cause of poor environment around the man .The demand of dwelling can be solved up to some extend by means of vertical growth of town but before this there must be improvements and modifications in existing infrastructures , services and amenities with respect to 100 years in future . One can dream a vertical town over sea as it was thought by Mr.Buck Minister Fullar in 1960 .

Day by day population is increasing and man , due to manufacturing new materials is discharging various complex pollutants in environment ( air ,water, soil etc. ) without treatment  capacity of nature . Over this even Mr . Ebenzer Howards thought and given certain modifications and self sufficient population units are made and these must be develop on external circumference with prime infrastructure of transportation and other services with a large size water lake or lakes to collect rain water for population as similar to Bhopal because purification of water is easier and economical and water casement area depend on rain fall .In my opinion there must be minimum 10 to 15 sq.m. area per head for agriculture growth and this land will be used throughout the year for various crops and manure can be collected from the biodegrading of organic matters .Even the human extricate can be treated in septic tank and its affluent can be passed through  perforated pipes at one meter depth .I did an successful application in one of my problem .

Today plants ,creepers and plant species can be used . For example Tulsi , Pepal  provides oxygen all twenty four hours and this plant can be installed in any pot . One can plan the various plant –species  on the various surfaces of building to make it colour full and echo friendly  .This will provide new thoughts to develop modern building which can be correlated to environmental and all horizontal and vertical surfaces which are responsible to protect inner volume from direct indirect heat can be treated to provide more greenery to help to keep environment cool for human comforts .   This may also give a chance further to  develop new materials and new ways to solve problem for example our Late Prim Minister Lal Bhadur Shastri who had given a call to grow grains on the roof of your house to solve National- Grain problem . It was a Green-Revelation for a cause which is required today to improve environment .

Architecture - Planning Overview

Planning   is an important  word  for the students of  Architecture as well as for the human-being  for his every walk of life. Planning is the significance and related to various operations  to complete the work . Man must do his work in a systematic way in minimum time with comfortable conditions and to get maximum mental and physical comfort . Planning of a building is a composition of various forms in the form of rooms

and other functional spaces . A form which is to be used  in planning must be a suitable size so that a man or a group of people can perform their various functions and at the same time it must give an excellent appearance .This form must govern with the theory of

“ Form must follow the function “ which is an excellent in the field of Architectural –Planning .Before planning one must draw a circulation diagram which will help to minimize the circulation area , by which on can reduce the cast of building .There are other operations to make planning more useful for all are as follow –

1. Make through study of climatic conditions and to make it more easy here one assume the average climatic conditions .
2. Study the counters of land to take the advantages of various height to provide various accommodations or even one cane assume it as a plain land than one must find out how much soil is to be filed to make it plain to fiend out the cast of project.
3. Study the near by road patterns , to take the maximum advantages in planning .
4. Study the horticulture used along roads and near by landscape which can be useful in planning .
5. Write down the various requirements of that building and by means of circulation diagram link them with each other for human comforts and at the same time it will help to reduce the circulation area .
6. After this decide the various required dimensions in terms of area  to minimize the cast . At this stage it will help to establish the various inter relations of different functional areas .
7. Draw the composition on horizontal plain will be PLAN of building .
8. After the plan draw its corresponding composition on vertical plane will term as ELEVATION .which will be also a composition.
9. This PLAN and ELEVATION  will be the part of PLANNING .